Doctors can normally figure out if there are problems with somebody’s brain without having to look at their brain cells. If they want to know what the exact problem is, they’d have to take a biopsy. This can be done by drilling a small hole in the skull and extracting some brain tissue (with a needle). From this it is possible to work out if there is inflammation, tumor, infection or neurodegenerative markers (for things like Alzheimer’s) and suggest possible treatment.
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